My Teaching Desk - By LokeshDev

  UNIT - III Topic 3 :   Predicate Logic & Logic Programming Part A: Introduction ✅ What is Logic in AI? Logic is the foundation of reasoning in Artificial Intelligence. It allows AI systems to make decisions , derive conclusions , and prove facts using rules and facts . There are two main types of logic used in AI: Propositional Logic Predicate Logic (First-Order Logic) Part B: Predicate Logic (First-Order Logic) ✅ What is Predicate Logic? Predicate Logic , also called First-Order Logic (FOL) , is a powerful logic system that allows the representation of objects, properties, and relationships among objects. It is more expressive than Propositional Logic , which only deals with true or false statements . ✅ Components of Predicate Logic: Component Description Example Predicate Represents a property or relationship Loves(John, Mar...

  UNIT - III Topic 2 :   Knowledge Representation Issues Part A: Introduction ✅ What is Knowledge Representation? In AI, Knowledge Representation (KR) refers to the method of encoding information about the world into a format that a computer system can use to solve problems and make decisions . But representing knowledge is not always easy — several issues or challenges arise during this process. These are called Knowledge Representation Issues . Part B: Why are These Issues Important? A poorly designed KR system leads to incorrect or slow decision-making . Understanding these issues helps AI systems to become more reliable , intelligent , and flexible . Part C: Major Issues in Knowledge Representation   1. Representational Adequacy Can the representation capture all kinds of knowledge needed for solving the problem? Some systems cannot represent time, uncertainty, or default values . E...

  UNIT - III   Representation of Knowledge Part A: Introduction ✅ What is Knowledge Representation (KR)? In Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Representation (KR) refers to the method used to organize, store, and use knowledge in such a way that a machine or AI agent can understand, reason, and make decisions like a human. ✅ Why is KR Important? Helps AI systems understand the world and facts . Enables machines to perform reasoning , problem-solving , and learning . Converts real-world information into a structured format that computers can process. Part B: Forms of Knowledge in AI Type of Knowledge Description Example Factual Knowledge Basic facts or truths “The sun rises in the east” Procedural Knowledge How to perform tasks or steps “How to drive a car” Heuristic Knowledge Rules...

  Unit - 2 Topic - 17 : Attributes: Final and Static in Java 1. Final in Java The final modifier can be used with variables , methods , and classes . Final Variables If a variable is declared as final , it becomes a constant . Once assigned, its value cannot be changed throughout the program. The value is usually assigned during declaration. Example – Final Variable class PhyTest { final int Minmarks = 35 ; // final variable declaration void run () { // Minmarks = 40; // ❌ This will cause a compile-time error System.out.println( "The subject is cleared with minimum marks: " + Minmarks); } public static void main (String args[]) { PhyTest obj = new PhyTest (); obj.run(); } } Output The subject is cleared with minimum marks: 35 Note: Since Minmarks is declared as final , attempting to modify it will result in a compile-time error . 2. Static Methods in Java When a method is dec...